Алексей Виноградов – Holy waters of the ancestral homeland of mankind (страница 5)

In the Late Period, Trypillians found burials in both kurgan and ground cemeteries. The cemeteries, most often inventory burials, contained the burials of adults and children. Burials were carried out using cremation rites, in urns and, more often, without urns (in pits).

Regarding Y-DNA haplogroups, the following haplogroups were found for the Late Period: Y-chromosomal haplogroup I2a and mitochondrial haplogroups K1a1, 1K1b2, H, T1a, T2c1d1, U4a, and U4b.

Some maternal genetic lineages of the Trypillian population of Podolia originate in Asia Minor. However, the local lineage was found to be predominant in the remains of Trypillians from Podolia. Whether this is also true for other areas of the Trypillian area is unknown due to the lack of genetic material. The anthropological type of the Trypillians is similar to the Mediterranean type, common at the time in the Balkans and the Danube region. However, the craniological material contains evidence of influence from the tribes of the Eastern European steppe region. Differences in the anthropological types of female and male skulls have been identified, which may indicate the mechanical mixing of different ethnic groups.

5.

The cultural, economic, and ethnic ties of the Late Trypillian population with their neighbors determined the significant changes that swept across a significant area of Eastern Europe in the late 4th and first half of the 3rd millennium BC.

This primarily concerns the Trypillians' western connections. During the middle period of the Trypillian culture, contacts with the cultures of the Balkan-Danubian Eneolithic were decisive. In the late period, these cultures ceased to exist, and the entire area of their distribution underwent a dramatic cultural transformation. The Late Trypillian tribes also established contacts with the creators of new cultures in the Lower Danube region and the northern Balkan Peninsula. Of these, the Cernavoda culture was geographically closest to Trypillian culture, belonging to the same circle as cultures such as the Kotsofeni in the Danube region and the Ezero in southern Bulgaria. The appearance of elements common to these cultures in Late Trypillian monuments is characteristic. Connections with the new Balkan-Danubian and Anatolian cultural system resulted in the emergence of a number of distinctive bronze artifacts among the late Trypillians, including the famous Usatov daggers. At the same time, typical Usatov artifacts and entire complexes appear in the Balkan-Danube region and Anatolia.

In the upper Dniester and western Volyn, as far as the left bank of the Vistula, active contacts between the late Trypillian population and the Funnelbeaker culture tribes are recorded.

These contacts were interrupted in the second half of the 3rd millennium BC as a result of the eastward expansion of the Globular Amphora culture tribes, who in turn established contacts with later Trypillian groups, some of whom were displaced by the newcomers, while others continued to exist later.

In the east, contacts between Trypillian communities and the steppe populations intensified in the late period. Close interaction with the ancient Yamnaya tribes and the influence of their traditions explain the emergence of the kurgan rite among the late Trypillian tribes, the spread of a number of specific forms of grave goods and corded ornamentation on pottery among them, and the formation of the complex and multi-component Usatovskaya group.

The emergence of the Usatovskaya group in this area marked the culmination of a long process of penetration of steppe pastoral groups into the agricultural community. These same groups became the transmission medium, facilitating contacts between Trypillian communities and the population of the North Caucasus. Evidence of reverse influences between Trypillian tribes and steppe groups is still limited. Nevertheless, these influences are undeniable.

The Trypillian influence on cultures such as the Sredny Stog and Dnieper-Donets cultures is significant.

The Sredny Stog culture (5300-3300 BC) occupied a vast area of the Black Sea steppe (from the Dnieper River, the upper Donets River, the lower Don River, and the Sea of Azov in the east to the Danube Delta in the west). It is sometimes combined with the more eastern Khvalynsk culture into a single cultural and historical community of the Black Sea-Caspian steppe. The main occupation of the Sredny Stog tribes was cattle breeding, likely including early forms of horse breeding.

Archaeologists believed that the Sredny Stog culture developed in the Azov-Dnieper-Donets region, based on the Lower Don and Sura cultures.

According to genetic data, the Sredny Stog culture arose as a result of population migration from the lower Volga region or the North Caucasus. This population carried the genes of Caucasian Neolithic farmers (particularly those from Armenia). The settlers, already familiar with livestock breeding, interbred with local residents in the Dnieper and Don river basins (the Dnieper-Donets culture).

The Sredny Stog people were farmers and livestock breeders. They kept sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, and horses. A large number of horse remains (52%) have been found in settlements dating back to 4200-4000 BC. They hunted deer, roe deer, wild boar, elk, otter, wolf, fox, beaver, and wild ass. They cultivated emmer wheat, barley, millet, and peas. They were also engaged in fishing.

Anthropologically, the Sredny Stog culture represented a mixture of two racial types: the Neolithic population of Ukraine (southern Mediterranean Caucasians) and the northern branch of Caucasians.

Y-chromosomal haplogroup I-L699 (I2a) has been identified in the Sredny Stog culture. During the Neolithic, this haplogroup predominated among the population of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture (Dnipropetrovsk region) and was found among Lower Volga pastoralists in the Volgograd and Saratov regions (5th millennium BC). Haplogroup R1b, also characteristic of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture, has been found. Haplogroup J2a (J-M319), of Transcaucasian origin, has been identified (4359-4251 BC, Rostov region). Mitochondrial haplogroups U5, U2, H13, U4, T2, K1, and I4 have been found in the Sredny Stog culture.

According to one theory, the migration of some of the Sredny Stog population to the Lower Danube was the cause of the separation of Anatolian languages from Indo-European. The Anatolian language had almost no vocabulary related to agriculture. According to researchers, this supports a Sredny Stog culture as its ancestral home.

The Dnieper-Donets culture (5th-3rd millennia BC) developed from local forest-steppe cultures under the influence of steppe cultures: the Bug-Dniester, Sura, Azov-Dnieper, and Lower Don cultures. The culture's source was the Mesolithic of southern Belarus, and a connection with the preceding Bug-Dniester culture is quite likely. The culture's initial area was in Ukrainian and Belarusian Polesia, from where its bearers moved north (to the Mogilev region) and southeast to the Don River and the Sea of Azov.

The main occupations of the culture's bearers were hunting and fishing. Although bones of dogs, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle are found at sites, wild animal bones predominate. The ratio of wild to domesticated bone remains is 78% to 22%. Birds and pond turtles were hunted in Polesia. The settlements consisted of dugouts.

Dnieper-Donets pottery is similar to the pottery of the western Ertebølle, Swifterbant, and French Sub-Neolithic cultures. It differs from the utensils of the Linear Pottery culture, which spread across central Europe during that era along with the Balkan Neolithic.

Dnieper-Donets pottery is similar to the neighboring Trypillian culture and the Samara culture (in the middle Volga region). The Dnieper-Donets culture was the initial center for the Pit-Comb Ware culture, which spread northward, moving through Valdai into Finland.

This culture occupied a region from the Vistula to the Dnieper, but some scholars, extending it to related cultures, extend it to the Volga and the Urals and believe that the bearers of this cultural complex spoke an Indo-European language.

Genetic studies have shown no direct connection between the pastoralists of the Volga and Ciscaucasia regions and the population of the Dnieper-Donets culture. Around 4500 BC, the tribes of the Dnieper-Donets culture were culturally and probably linguistically assimilated by tribes advancing from the east, which led to the formation of the Sredny Stog culture (this is expressed in the appearance of symbols of power in the form of a scepter-mace, characteristic of the Volga region).

Representatives of the Dnieper-Donets culture were clearly Cro-Magnon, which significantly distinguished them from the Mediterranean appearance of the Balkan Neolithic, but brought them closer to the Mesolithic of Northern Europe.

Archaeologists have suggested that the Dnieper-Donets culture was formed in the 6th millennium BC by migrants from the Balkan Peninsula (Bug-Dniester and other cultures), driven from their homelands by the expansion of the western Linear Pottery culture.