Владислав Педдер – The Existential Limits of Reason (страница 9)
Decoherence and Classical Reality
Quantum decoherence refers to the loss of quantum coherence. It has been studied to understand how quantum systems transition into states that can be described using classical mechanics4. This theory, which emerged as an attempt to extend the understanding of quantum mechanics, has evolved in several directions, with experimental research confirming some key aspects.
At the macroscopic level, quantum effects become “blurred” due to the interaction of quantum systems with the surrounding environment. This process, known as decoherence, explains why the macroscopic world appears strictly deterministic.
Decoherence demonstrates that quantum systems transition into states that, from the observer’s perspective, appear classically determined. Thus, quantum uncertainty does not “penetrate” the macroscopic world, where Newtonian laws prevail.
Bell’s Experiment
Bell’s experiment demonstrates that quantum mechanics violates Bell’s inequalities, indicating the presence of quantum nonlocality. This phenomenon is often interpreted as a challenge to classical notions of determinism. However, Sapolsky emphasizes that even quantum nonlocality does not provide “free will”, as the outcomes remain entirely dependent on the system’s parameters and its initial state.
According to Sapolsky, misinterpretations of quantum nonlocality arise from the assumption that the randomness of quantum events allows for the existence of a will independent of deterministic factors. However, as he points out, quantum randomness does not make events free; it merely makes them unpredictable.
Physical Determinism and System Complexity
The ideas of Pierre-Simon Laplace, suggesting that knowledge of all initial conditions can allow the prediction of the future, are discussed in the context of chaos theory and quantum uncertainty. Sapolsky points out that even in a complex physical system (such as the brain), no “freedom” arises; everything remains predetermined by the laws of physics. Despite potential quantum uncertainty, its impact on the level of conscious decisions is minimal and does nothing to save the concept of free will.
According to Laplace’s theory, Laplace’s demon is a hypothetical entity that, knowing the position and velocity of all particles in the universe at a specific moment in time, can accurately predict the future. If you understand the physical laws governing the universe and know the exact position of every particle within it, you can predict with precision what happened at every moment since the beginning of time and what will happen at every subsequent moment until the end of time. This means that everything that happens in the universe was destined to happen (in a mathematical, not theological, sense).
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