Vadim Shmal – Organization of passenger automobile transportation. Textbook (страница 1)

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Organization of passenger automobile transportation

Textbook

Vadim Shmal

Pavel Minakov

ISBN 978-5-0068-6500-6

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

1 PASSENGER AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT ROLE AND FUNCTIONS

1.1 Communication types and niches of passenger automobile transport use

1.1.1 The concept of «сommunication type» and «service form»

The communication type in passenger road transport is understood as a stable organized system of passenger movement between the points of origin and repayment of trips, determined by the territorial coverage, mode of operation, as well as requirements for the quality and safety of transportation.

The service form describes the way the service is provided within the selected type of communication: a fixed or variable route, the presence or absence of a timetable, the type of rolling stock, the order of boarding and disembarking and ticketing, the degree of integration with other modes of transport.

1.1.2 Сommunication type сlassification

– By territorial coverage:

• urban – transportation within a locality or urban agglomeration; characterized by short trips, high unevenness in time of day, a significant proportion of standing passengers, frequent delays are possible;

• suburban – the city’s connections to the nearest rural or suburban belt (usually up to 50—70 km); a significant proportion of pendulum labor and study trips, an increased role of regularity and availability of seating;

• inter-municipal – connections between neighboring municipalities within the subject; average distances, pronounced direction of flows to administrative and commercial and business centers;

• intercity – connections between large centers within the country; increased demands on comfort, safety, service on the way and infrastructure of stops;

• international – cross-border transportation; the requirements of passport and customs control, coordination of schedules, contractual liability and insurance coverage are added.

– By regularity and method of organization:

• regular routes (according to the schedule and with the approved scheme of stops): urban/suburban/intercity lines, express routes;

• irregular transportation: corporate and shift buses, school and social transportation, sightseeing and tourist flights, transfers, special events;

• taxi transportation: individual and side trips, fixed or dynamic price, mainly door-to-door;

• fixed-route taxis /micro routes: small and medium-sized buses on fixed routes with flexible stops «on demand», often with increased frequency and variable routing in peripheral areas;

• On-demand services: trips along dynamically generated routes in areas of low and dispersed demand; used as an independent service or as a «last mile».

– By functional purpose:

• public communication for general use;

• socially oriented transportation (preferential categories, low mobility citizens);

• targeted transportation (school, shift, medical, corporate);

• tourist and sightseeing tours;

• Airport/station express trains (intermodal links).

1.1.3 Criteria for attribution and selection of the сommunication type

When choosing the сommunication type and the service form, the following factors are taken into account:

• spatial planning parameters: building and population density, the structure of the road network, the presence of dedicated lanes, connectivity and hierarchy of centers of attraction;

• transport demand: the magnitude and unevenness of passenger flows by hour/day/season; the matrix of the origin and repayment of passenger flows; average range and travel goals;

• quality requirements: travel time and its predictability, regularity, travel interval, comfort, accessibility (low floor, ramps), information support;

• operational and economic conditions: rolling stock productivity, capacity utilization factor, cost of transportation, work and rest conditions, availability of depot infrastructure;

• Safety and sustainability: compliance with technical regulations, transport safety;

• Integration: transfer hubs and synchronization with railway, tram/metro, carsharing, taxi;

• Unified tickets and tariff agreements.

1.1.4 Communication types

Urban communications:

• Main bus lines: high corridor flows, dedicated lanes. Application: central and radial corridors, connection of main gravity nodes, subway unloading;

• Feeder routes: passenger collection/distribution in medium and low density areas to main lines and transfer hubs. Application: «the last mile», new residential areas;

• Express routes: home—work/study pendulum peaks. Application: periphery – center, center – subcenters.

• Fixed-route taxis/micro routes: flexible tracing, stops «on demand». Application: areas with curved street network, evening and night periods;

• Night lines and event routes: sparse grid, reinforcement for events. Application: ensuring the continuity of urban mobility.

Suburban services:

• regular commuter buses: straightness of the route and seating, connection to railway junctions;

• Express Suburb: limited stops, synchronization with work schedules.

• Inter-municipal, long-distance and international communications:

• Inter-municipal/inter-regional regular lines: schedules with relatively large intervals, intermediate bus stations, sanitary breaks.

• intercity express trains and comfort classes: increased cabin standards, information services, online ticket sales with seat assignments;

• international buses: coordination with checkpoints, document requirements, specifics of insurance and carrier liability.

Taxi and registered transportation:

• taxis (individual and passing): minimization of waiting time, door-to-door service, price differentiation (economy/comfort/business);

• corporate and shift transportation: closed schedules, special safety and accessibility requirements;

• school and social transportation: specialized rolling stock, escorts, routing standards and travel time;

• tourist/sightseeing: seasonality, eventfulness, sightseeing routes, guide service;

• airport transfers and shuttles: fixed/semi-fixed routes, taking into account flight schedules, availability of luggage space.

1.1.5 Niche – a form of service

To choose a form of service for a specific niche, it is advisable to follow the following guidelines:

Demand level (pass/hour/direction):

– high and stable → mainline bus, express lines;

– average, with pronounced peaks → regular routes with hourly output profiling;

– low/dispersed → micro routes, taxi/sharing solutions.

Travel time and predictability requirements: