Светлана Жарникова – Ornamental complex of the Nort of Russia (страница 1)

Svetlana Zharnikova

Ornamental complex of the Nort of Russia

Ornamental complex of the Nort of Russia

Vinogradova A. G. Dancing. Canvas. Oil.

Russia is a country of eternal change and is completely not conservative, and a country beyond conservative customs, where a historical time lives, and does not part with rituals and ideas. The Russians are not a young people, but the old ones - like the Chinese. They are very old, ancient, conservatively preserved all the oldest and do not refuse it. In their language, their superstition, their disposition, etc., one can study the most ancient times. Victor von Hyun. 1870.

Zharnikova Svetlana Vasilievna

Archaic motives of North Russian ornamentation

(To the question of possible Proto-Slavic-Indo-Iranian parallels).

Specialty 07.00.07-ethnographic

Abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of historical sciences.

Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Order of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Order of Friendship of Peoples Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. On the rights of the manuscript. Moscow. 1988.

1. General characteristics of the work

This work was carried out as part of research conducted at the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences and aimed at studying the ethnic history and ancient ties of the East Slavic and Indo-Iranian peoples (Aryans, or Aryans).

The relevance of the topic is due to: firstly, the ever-increasing versatile Soviet-Indian contacts and the desire of the peoples of the two countries to get to know each other better, to find the origins of traditional Russian-Indian friendship; secondly, it is due to the growth of ethnic identity that has been universally observed in recent decades and often takes on such ugly forms as nationalism and racism. In light of this, regional ethno-historical research is currently gaining special scientific acuity, as knowledge of ethnic history helps modern people to free themselves from the narrowness of the nationalist view of the world, to understand the role and significance of the contribution to the common treasury of human culture of all peoples, to realize that humanity is one.

On the pages of this work, for the first time in Russian science, the most ancient Proto-Slavic-Indo-European relations (and possibly an ethnogenetic relationship?). Received coverage from the standpoint of a comparative analysis of the most ancient, which survived until the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. Both Indo-Iranian and East Slavic peoples have geometric and plot ornamental patterns, the addition of which goes into the depths of the Eneolithic, Neolithic and even Paleolithic of Eastern Europe.

The author of this work considered it necessary to pay attention to the following aspects of the problem:

1. Historiographies of the issue of the ancestral home of Indo-Europeans, Indo-Iranians and Pre-Slavs and the modern conclusions of Indo-European studies on this range of issues.

2. The question of archaeological cultures of the Eneolithic era - bronze and early iron, identified with the Indo-Iranian and Pre-Slavic ethnic massifs, testifying to the oldest contacts of the Pre-Slavs and Indo-Iranians in the vast territories of Eastern Europe.

3. The question of the oldest population of the north of Eastern Europe during the

Paleolithic-Bronze Age, in the light of the latest data from archeology, anthropology and paleoclimatology.

4. An analysis of the archaic geometric ornamentation of textiles, preserved among East Slavic and Indo-Iranian peoples until the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, as an ethnic differentiator and a peculiar indicator of the movements of Aryan peoples in Eurasia over a long historical period.

5. The question of the possible common sources of some images of archaic mythologists, preserved in the Rigveda and Avesta, on the one hand, and in the North Russian ornamental tradition, on the other.

6. Analysis of archaic ornamentation in trihedral-notched wood carvings and possible semantics of motifs of this carving among Indo-Iranians and Pre-Slavs.

7. An analysis of the evidence of the Rigveda, Mahabharata and Avesta about the ancient northern ancestral home of the Indo-Iranians and modern data from archeology, anthropology, paleoclimatology, confirming the possibility of northern localization of the oldest territories of the formation of the Indo-Iranian ethnic group.

2. The content of the work and methodological base. Sources and historiography.

This work consists of an introduction, which reveals the relevance of the topic, historiographical essay, three chapters devoted to the analysis of the development of East European ornament over a huge time period from the Upper Paleolithic to the turn of the XIX - XX centuries and its role as an indicator of ethnomigration processes associated with the movements of the Indo-Iranian peoples, in the middle of II - beginning of I millennium BC and conclusions.

The historiographical essay analyzes various hypotheses related to the problems of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, Indo-Iranians and great Slavs. A huge role in solving these issues is played by the data of comparative Indo-European linguistics. So one of the earliest, formed back in the middle of the XIX century is the hypothesis of the Central Asian ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, which is currently abandoned by the vast majority of researchers. One of the largest Soviet linguists B. V. Gornung rejected not only the concept of the “Asian ancestral home” and the e-e, but also all versions of the “Central European and South Russian-Caspian ancestral home” (From the prehistory of the formation of the common Slavic linguistic unity. M. 1963. p.11-12). The prominent Bulgarian linguist V. Georgiev also believes that the ancestral home of I.-E it is necessary to search only in Europe, restricting their habitat to areas of Eastern and Central Europe (Studies in comparative historical linguistics. M. 1958). In 1984, the work of V. V. Ivanov and T. V. Gamkrelidze, “Indo-European language and Indo-Europeans” (Tbilisi, 1984), was published, where the authors put forward a new hypothesis and I.-E. Ancestral home in the territory of Asia Minor. However, most researchers see the ancestral home of I.E. peoples precisely in the territories of Eastern and

Southeast Europe.

Based on this, a conclusion is being made at the present time about the ancestral home of the Indo-Iranian peoples. One of the most widespread and most heavily argued is the point of view according to which the Indo-Iranians in the era preceding their advance to the territory of Iran, Central Asia, Afghanistan and North-West India, lived in the south of Eastern Europe (in the Northern Black Sea region). As for the most ancient period of formation of the Indo-Iranian ethnic massif, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, an outstanding Indian researcher B. G. Tilak put forward a hypothesis according to which the most ancient territories of the formation of the Pra-Hindoirais were the circumpolar regions of Europe. He proved his hypothesis using the evidence of the oldest monuments of Indo-Iranian mythology - the Vedas, where knowledge of such arctic phenomena as a year divided into a light and a dark half, aurora borealis, a freezing sea, the Pole Star and the Big Dipper high overhead and much more is recorded... Due to the fact that modern paleoclimatological data indicate that in the period from the VI to the end of the II millennium BC the climate of the north of Eastern Europe was much warmer and milder, and where the tundra is currently located, mixed forests and pine forests grew, it can be assumed that B. G. Tilak's concept is quite viable, and that part of the population of the north of Eastern Europe could advance into South Russian steppes at the turn of the 5th - 4th millennium BC when these territories, due to increased moisture content, lost their former semi-desert character (Berg L. S. Klimat i zhizn. M. 1947). Probably, the emergence in the steppe zone of Eastern Europe at the turn of the 5th - 4th millennium BC is connected with this movement of a part of the population from the European north to the south. Yamnaya culture, which many researchers consider Indo-Iranian. E. E. Kuzmina believes that it was in the steppe and forest-steppe zone in the IV-III millennium BC, and possibly somewhat earlier, that the wild horse was domesticated (Kuzmina E. E. The spread of horse breeding and the cult of the horse among Iranian-speaking tribes Central Asia and other peoples of the Old World. Central Asia in antiquity and the Middle Ages. M. 1977). From here, as E.A. Grantovsky (Early history of the Iranian tribes of Western Asia. M. 1970) and I. N. Pogrebava (Iran and Transcaucasia in the early Iron Age. M. 1977), as well as a number of other researchers, began in the middle ... II millennium BC distribution on the territory of the Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Iran, as well as in the steppe of Kazakhstan and Southern Siberia of the Aryan peoples, who advanced at the end of II - early. 1st millennium BC to the oases of Central Asia, Afghanistan and India. With the Indo-Iranian tribes of the 2nd millennium BC at present, many Soviet researchers (S. P. Tolstov, I. A. Itina, I. M. Dyakonov, V. G. Gafurov, N. D. Chlenova, E. E. Kuzmina, B. A. Litvinsky, Khю A. Zadneprovsky, E. A. Grantovsky, A. L. Mendelstam and others) connect the representatives of the Abashevskaya, Srubnaya and Andronovskaya ethnocultural communities genetically related to Yamnaya and widespread in the 2nd millennium BC in the vast territories of Eurasia from the Lower Danube in the west to the Minusinsk Basin in the east, and from the Pechora in the north to northern Afghanistan in the south. This huge area in its western part was in close proximity, and often simply overlapped on those territories that a number of Soviet researchers (S. S. Berezanskaya, V. A. Ilinskaya, A. I. Terenozhkin, O. N. Trubachev, B. V. Gornung and others) are associated with the ancestral home of the Slavs. In light of the question of a possible Proto-Slavic-Indo-Arab contact (kinship?), this circumstance plays an important role.