Больше, но все равно очень мало. . Peter Beaumont, ‘The truth about Twitter, Facebook and the uprisings in the Arab world’, Guardian, 25 February 2011.
Печально известный эксперимент c «эмоциональным заражением». . Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory and Jeffrey T. Hancock, ‘Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks’, PNAS, 111 (24), 2014, pp. 8788–8790.
На площади Тахрир союз исламистов. . Atef Shahat Said, ‘The Tahrir Effect: History, Space, and Protest in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011’, University of Michigan, 2014.
Сокращение расходов на организацию. . Thomas Rid, Cyber War Will Not Take Place, Oxford University Press: New York, 2013, p. 28.
И, как показал анализ Паоло Гербаудо. . Paolo Gerbaudo, The Digital Party, Pluto Press: London, 2019, pp. 25–6.
Другой вербовщик отвечал на Ask.fm на вопросы. . Laurie Segall, ‘ISIS recruiting tactics: Apple pie and video games’, CNN, 30 September 2014; Wendy Andhika Prajuli, ‘On social media, ISIS uses fantastical propaganda to recruit members’, The Conversation (www.theconversation.com), 4 December 2017.
К 2014 году, когда батальоны смерти иракского правительства. . Martin Chulov, ‘Isis: the inside story’, Guardian, 11 December 2014; Michael Weiss and Hassan Hassan, ISIS: Inside the Army of Terror, Regan Arts: New York, 2016; Patrick Cockburn, The Rise of the Islamic State: ISIS and the New Sunni Revolution, Verso: London and New York, 2016, pp. 42–5.
По оценкам, к февралю 2015 года в Twitter ежедневно. . James P. Farwell, ‘The Media Strategy of ISIS’, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, 56:6, 2014, pp. 49–5; Ben Makuch, ‘ISIS’s Favorite Hashtag Is a Weapon of War’, Motherboard (www.motherboard.vice.com), 27 June 2014; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, ‘War Goes Viral’, The Atlantic, November 2016; Emerson T. Brooking and P. W. Singer, LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, 2018.
Большинство роликов, скорее всего, снял. . Majid Alfifi, Parisa Kaghazgaran, James Caverlee and Fred Morstatter, ‘Measuring the Impact of ISIS Social Media Strategy’, MIS2: Misinformation and Misbehavior Mining on the Web (workshop), Los Angeles, CA, 2018; Matt Broomfield, ‘Twitter Shuts Down 125,000 Isis-Linked Accounts’, Independent, 6 February 2016; Lisa Blaker, ‘The Islamic State’s Use of Online Social Media’, Military Cyber Affairs: The Journal of the Military Cyber Professionals Association, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015; Jason Burke, ‘“Gangsta jihadi” Denis Cuspert killed fighting in Syria’, Guardian, 19 January 2018.
Как бы то ни было, ИГИЛ прославилось. . Laura Ryan, ‘Al-Qaida and ISIS Use Twitter Differently. Here’s How and Why’, National Journal (wwwnationaljournal.com), 9 October 2014; Kyle J. Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’, International Studies Capstone Research Papers, 3, 2015.
За первые полгода американских бомбардировок. . ISIS drawing steady stream of recruits, despite bombings’, Associated Press, 11 February 2015; Aya Batrawy, Paisley Dodds and Lori Hinnant, ‘Leaked Isis documents reveal recruits have poor grasp of Islamic faith’, Independent, 16 August 2016.
Согласно проведенным опросам, 7 % британцев. . Madeline Grant, ‘16 % of French Citizens Support Isis, Poll Finds’, Newsweek, 26 August 2014.
Twitter не строил камеры пыток. . ‘Iraq torture “worse after Saddam”’, BBC News, 21 September 2006; Terrence McCoy, ‘Camp Bucca: The US prison that became the birthplace of Isis’, Independent, 4 November 2014; Neal McDonald, ‘Iraqi reality-TV hit takes fear factor to another level’, Christian Science Monitor, 7 June 2005.
На самом же деле силы противника составляли всего две тысячи джихадистов. . Ned Parker, Isabel Coles and Raheem Salman, ‘Special Report: How Mosul fell – An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad’s story’, Reuters, 14 October 2014; Matt Sienkiewicz, ‘Arguing with ISIS: web 2.0, open source journalism, and narrative disruption’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35:1, 2018, pp. 122–35; Steve Rose, ‘The Isis propaganda war: a hi-tech media jihad’, Guardian, 7 October 2014.
На одном из этапов их даже просили размещать в сетях видео с флагом. . Greene, ‘ISIS: Trends in Terrorist Media and Propaganda’.
В 2015 году Альберто Фернандес. . Alberto M. Fernandez, ‘Here to stay and growing: Combating ISIS propaganda networks’, The Brookings Project on U.S. Relations with the Islamic World, U.S.-Islamic World Forum Papers 2015, October 2015; Richard Forno and Arnupam Joshi, ‘How U.S. “Cyber Bombs” against Terrorists Really Work’, The Conversation, 13 May 2016.
К 2016 году они уже хвастались тем, что с помощью «кибербомб». . Brian Ross and James Gordon Meek, ‘ISIS Threat at Home: FBI Warns US Military About Social Media Vulnerabilities’, ABC News, 1 December 2014; ‘“ISIS hackers” threats against U.S. military wives actually came from Russian trolls’, Associated Press, 8 May 2018.
По данным другого исследования, проведенного Университетом Джорджа Вашингтона. . ‘Enhancing the Understanding of the Foreign Terrorist Fighters Phenomenon in Syria’, United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism, July 2017; Lizzie Dearden, ‘Isis: UN study finds foreign fighters in Syria “lack basic understanding of Islam”’, Independent, 4 August 2017; Christal Hayes, ‘Study: ISIS has lost territory but could still pose long-term threat’, USA Today, 6 February 2018.
Их тактика использования социальных сетей. . Jonathan Beller, The Message is Murder: Substrates of Computational Capital, Pluto Press: London, 2018, p. 5.
Если спектакль – это социальное взаимодействие. . Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle, Rebel Press: London, 1994, 2014.
В ходе своей президентской кампании Трамп управлял. . Samuel C. Woolley and Douglas Guilbeault, ‘United States: Manufacturing Consensus Online’, in Samuel C. Woolley and Philip N. Howard, eds, Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, Politicians, and Political Manipulation on Social Media, Oxford University Press: New York, 2019, p. 187.
Анализ твитов Трампа. . Cora Lacatus, ‘For Donald Trump, campaigning by Twitter limited the public’s access to his policy positions and strategies’, LSE Blogs, 21 January 2018.
Ультраправые всегда добивались победы. . Dylan Riley, The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945, Verso: London and New York, 2019.
Скорее, что гораздо более смертоносно. . Объяснение этой идеи вы найдете в статье Heather Timmons, ‘Stochastic terror and the cycle of hate that pushes unstable Americans to violence’, Quartz (www.qz.com), 26 October 2018.
По данным Антидиффамационной лиги, в период с 2008 по 2017 год. . Aamna Mohdin, ‘The far-right was responsible for the majority of America’s extremist killings in 2017’, Quartz, 18 January 2018.
В средствах массовой информации начали появляться. . Примеры репортажей в подобном стиле в статьях Amanda Coletta, ‘Quebec City Mosque shooter scoured Twitter for Trump, right-wing figures before attack’, Washington Post, 18 April 2018; Kevin Roose, ‘The far-right was responsible for the majority of America’s extremist killings in 2017’, New York Times, 28 October 2018.
Среднестатистический интернет-пользователей. . ‘Daily time spent on social networking by internet users worldwide from 2012 to 2017’, Statista, 2019; ‘People spend most of their waking hours staring at screens’, MarketWatch, 4 August 2018.
В западном христианстве это понятие, распространенное Евагрием Понтийским.. Jean-Charles Nault, OSB, The Noonday Devil: Acedia, The Unnamed Evil of Our Times, Ignatius Press: San Francisco, CA, 2015.
Как утверждает историк письма Барри Пуэлл. . Barry B. Powell, Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization, Wiley-Blackwell: Malden, MA, 2012, p. 12.
Легкость ассоциативной связи. . Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 2011, p. 455.
Это показывает нам, что принятые сегодня. . Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man, University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 2011, p. 455.
«То, что субъект не может сказать, – восклицает Лакан. . Jacques Lacan, ‘Response to Jean Hyppolite’s Commentary on Freud’s “Verneinung”, in Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English, W. W. Norton & Company: New York, 2006, p. 322.
«Чем больше я читал, – писал в 1845 году Фредерик Дуглас. . Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Literary Classics of the United States: New York, 1994, p. 42.
Везде, где преподавали чистописание. . Tamara Thornton, Handwriting in America: A Cultural History, Yale University Press: New Haven and London, 1996.
Характерным показателем грамотности. . Deborah Brandt, The Rise of Writing: Redefining Mass Literacy, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2015.
Как сказала Колетт Солер. . Colette Soler, Lacan: The Unconscious Reinvented, Karnac Books, London: 2014, Kindle loc. 3239.
Выбор пал на эти системы в том числе и потому. . Cade Metz, ‘Paul Baran, the link between nuclear war and the internet’, Wired, 4 September 2012;
