Лоренс Стерн – Tristram Shandy (страница 6)

Chapter Twenty-nine

Chapter Thirty

Chapter Thirty-one

Chapter Thirty-two

Chapter Thirty-three

Classic Literature: Words and Phrases adapted from the Collins English Dictionary

Copyright

About the Publisher

History of Collins

In 1819, millworker William Collins from Glasgow, Scotland, set up a company for printing and publishing pamphlets, sermons, hymn books and prayer books. That company was Collins and was to mark the birth of HarperCollins Publishers as we know it today. The long tradition of Collins dictionary publishing can be traced back to the first dictionary William published in 1824, Greek and English Lexicon. Indeed, from 1840 onwards, he began to produce illustrated dictionaries and even obtained a licence to print and publish the Bible.

Soon after, William published the first Collins novel, Ready Reckoner, however it was the time of the Long Depression, where harvests were poor, prices were high, potato crops had failed and violence was erupting in Europe. As a result, many factories across the country were forced to close down and William chose to retire in 1846, partly due to the hardships he was facing.

Aged 30, William’s son, William II took over the business. A keen humanitarian with a warm heart and a generous spirit, William II was truly ‘Victorian’ in his outlook. He introduced new, up-to-date steam presses and published affordable editions of Shakespeare’s works and Pilgrim’s Progress, making them available to the masses for the first time. A new demand for educational books meant that success came with the publication of travel books, scientific books, encyclopaedias and dictionaries. This demand to be educated led to the later publication of atlases and Collins also held the monopoly on scripture writing at the time.

In the 1860s Collins began to expand and diversify and the idea of ‘books for the millions’ was developed. Affordable editions of classical literature were published and in 1903 Collins introduced 10 titles in their Collins Handy Illustrated Pocket Novels. These proved so popular that a few years later this had increased to an output of 50 volumes, selling nearly half a million in their year of publication. In the same year, The Everyman’s Library was also instituted, with the idea of publishing an affordable library of the most important classical works, biographies, religious and philosophical treatments, plays, poems, travel and adventure. This series eclipsed all competition at the time and the introduction of paperback books in the 1950s helped to open that market and marked a high point in the industry.

HarperCollins is and has always been a champion of the classics and the current Collins Classics series follows in this tradition – publishing classical literature that is affordable and available to all. Beautifully packaged, highly collectible and intended to be reread and enjoyed at every opportunity.

Life & Times

Publication and Readership

Tristram Shandy is one of a group of books that could be described as part of the infancy of the novel. It dates from 1759, 40 years after Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and 10 years after Henry Fielding’s Tom Jones. All three have eponymous male heroes, as was the trend at that time.

Tristram Shandy was originally published in nine volumes under the title The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. Those nine installments spanned an eight-year period, from 1759–67. The author was Laurence Sterne (1713–68), an Irish-born clergyman who was an admirer of the French Renaissance writer François Rabelais, whom he wished to emulate in his comic prose. Rabelais’ work found humour in the reality of human nature – sex, vulgarity, swearing, violence, insults, stupidity and so on. Sterne made this style his genre, but his subject matter was quite different.

Sterne was well into middle age when the first volume of Tristram Shandy was published and he died just a couple of years after the last volume. It seems that his primary motivation was to make the most of his writing ability before it was too late, as he saw himself as Rabelais’ literary successor.

In England, Sterne’s work was not considered in a serious light in literary terms, because it was bawdy and crude. The English author Samuel Johnson thought of Tristram Shandy as rather too odd to have any lasting status. When one considers that it was published in the considerable shadow of Gulliver’s Travels (1726), by fellow Irishman Jonathan Swift, it is perhaps understandable that Sterne’s work was seen as eccentric and unambitious. It was certainly not a romantic adventure story, which is what people had come to expect of the novel.

Interestingly, book publishing was already subject to piracy in the late 1700s, so Sterne addressed the matter by signing the title pages of his books in order to authenticate them. He had to do this in excess of 12,000 times in an attempt to ensure that he received his royalty earnings. Although Sterne had his detractors in high literary circles, Tristram Shandy became popular very quickly across Europe, making him famous for the few remaining years of his life.

Tristram Shandy, Gentleman

The running joke in Tristram Shandy is the verbosity of the narrator, who finds it difficult to get to the point, always digressing and embellishing the story. This comic intention had a polarizing effect on Sterne’s 19th-century readership. After all, a personality trait that is amusing to one person might very easily be extremely irritating to another.

An added complication comes when the reader does not necessarily understand that humour is the aim of the author. Bearing in mind that people would have been unfamiliar with the concept of the comic novel in general, Sterne had his work cut out, especially given that his particular genre of comedy was somewhat coarse and dark for the tastes of his era.

One of the most notable personalities in the book is that of the character Uncle Toby. He is particularly fond of regaling stories of a military nature by verbally and physically acting them out, much to the amusement of others. The narrating voice of Tristram describes these tales as his uncle’s ‘hobbyhorse’, which is a term he uses in general to describe the way different characters find their amusement in life.

The original frontispiece etching for Tristram Shandy, by William Hogarth, shows a character named Corporal Trim reading a sermon on the subject of conscience to a rather disinterested audience, preoccupied with smoking pipes and sleeping. In the foreground is a rotund figure ensconced in an armchair. He wears an 18th-century wig and attire, his tricorn hat fallen to the floor. This image is attributed as the model for the Toby Jug that Staffordshire potters began manufacturing in the 1760s. Although mistaken for Uncle Toby, the image is in fact of Dr Slop, while Uncle Toby actually sits with the narrator’s father Walter in the far corner of the room. Hogarth also illustrated Tristram’s baptism, following his birth, which doesn’t come until volume four of the book, such is the narrator’s tendency for logorrhea.

One of the most remarkable things about Sterne’s approach to writing is the way in which he used graphics to relay information to the reader. For example, there was an entirely black page following the demise of a character named Yorick, which acts as a psychological pause for thought and contemplation. He also uses entirely blank pages to encourage the reader to superimpose their own imagined visual image of the characters. There is also the use of peculiar punctuation, dashes and lines, which Sterne uses as expressive semiotic tools in his prose where he feels that words alone are insufficient. All in all, the effect is rather eccentric and disjointed. However, a century later this odd style would be exalted as the seminal avant-garde literary form.

About the Author

Sterne was the son of an English army officer and spent his early years moving wherever his father was stationed. At the age of 10, he was sent to school in Halifax, where he was introduced to Latin and Greek. In turn, he was able to read the Classics and so had a formal education in seminal literature, such as the works of Homer, which profoundly affected his sensibilities. He later studied at Cambridge for his first and second degrees.

Like many gentlemen academics of his era, Sterne was encouraged to enter the church and was ordained as a vicar at the age of 25. Life as a clergyman did not really suit Sterne’s temperament, and he also suffered from tuberculosis or consumption, which made his voice rather too weak for preaching to a congregation. Despite these drawbacks, he persisted with his ‘calling’.

He married at the age of 28 and became father to a daughter, Lydia, some six years later. A decade later, his wife, Elizabeth, suffered a breakdown when she learned that Sterne had had an affair with a maid. In addition, his health was failing and Lydia was a sickly child, so the household became rather unhappy.