Екатерина Вавилова – All sciences. №6, 2022. International Scientific Journal (страница 6)
where β is the angle between the plane of polarization of light and the z axis. According to [1,7] for SbSI, the strong absorption condition (3) should be fulfilled already at λ470 nm. To observe the POFT under conditions of strong absorption, silver electrodes in the form of bands parallel to the axis of spontaneous polarization z were sprayed onto the face of the cinacoid (010). Using these electrodes, when the crystal was illuminated in the direction [010] by polarized light with λ=460 nm, the current Jx curve 2 was measured and the current Jz was measured in the long-wavelength region (λ=600nm, curve 1).The angular dependence of the measured current satisfies (5), while the Oh current in this region cannot be observed at all due to violation of condition (3) and spatial oscillation. Figure 2 shows the spectral Jz (curve 1), Jx (curve 2), attributed to the unit of incident energy, as well as the spectral dependence
constructed taking into account the dispersion of n0, pe and the absorption coefficient α* in the [010] direction.
Angular dependence Jx (β) in the form of curve 2, which agrees well with (7) at K15= (2—4) ·10—9A·cm· (W) -1 (λ=460nm).
Fig. 2. Spectral dependence of Jz (1), Jx (2) and L=l0a* (3).
While the spectral dependence measured earlier in is monotonic, the spectral dependence of Jx detects a sharp maximum near L1. Thus, the decline of Jx in the long-wave region, where L <<1, is due to POFT. The decline of Jx in the short wave region, where L> 1, is interesting.Since the AF effect is not related to the lifetime of nonequilibrium carriers, it is possible that this short-wave decline of Jx is due to a decrease in K15 and, consequently, mobility in the direction [100].
2. SPATIALLY OSCILLATING PHOTOVOLTAIC CURRENT IN A FERROELECTRIC α-HgS
The paper considers photovoltaic effects in optically active α-HgS crystals. Some experimental and physical bases of the photovoltaic effect in active crystals are discussed.
Mercury sulphide HgS exists in two modifications: the black modification – metacinnabarite (β-HgS) – crystallizes in a cubic system (point group 3m), the red modification—cinnabarite or cinnabar (α-HQs) – crystallizes in a trigonal system (point group 32).
Red cinnabar crystals with a particularly large specific rotation along the optical axis for the red rays transmitted by them r= 2350/mm were studied in this work. Α – HgS crystals grown by the hydrothermal method in the Laboratory of Hydrothermal Synthesis at the Institute of Crystallography of the Russian Academy of Sciences were studied. The starting materials for the manufacture of cinnabarite were pure mercury in sulfur. Electrical, electro-optical properties of α-HgS crystals and photoelectric properties of crystals were studied in [5,6].
It is shown that the optical activity of the α-HgS crystal has a stronger effect on the angular distribution of the photovoltaic current measured in linearly polarized light.
Fig. 3. shows the orientation dependence of the photovoltaic current Jx (β) in α-HgS. In accordance with (1) and the symmetry of the point group 32, the expression for Jx (β) when illuminated in the direction of the y axis has the form
where is the angle between the plane of polarization of light and the x—axis.
Comparison of the experimental angular dependence of Jx (β) with (2) gives
K11= (1—2) *10—9A* cm * (W) -1 (T=133 Κ, λ=500nm). The coincidence of the experimental angular dependence of Jx (β) with (2) shows that in the region of strong absorption (λ=500nm, α*>> 100cm-1), the effect of optical activity in the direction of the y axis on the angular distribution of Jx (β) is insignificant.The effect of optical activity in the z-direction was found when studying the angular dependence of Jx (β) in various spectral regions (Fig.1).The effect of optical activity in the z-direction was found when studying the angular dependence of Jx (β) in various spectral regions (Fig.1).The effect of optical activity in z- The angular dependence of Jx (β) in various spectral regions was discovered during the study of the angular dependence of Jx (β) in various spectral regions (Fig. 1).
In accordance with (1), the angular dependence of Jx (β) illumination in the z – direction (the z axis coincides with the axis of symmetry of the third order) has the form.
where β is the angle between the plane of light polarization and the y axis.
Figure 2 indicates a good correspondence between the experimental dependence of Jx (β) and (3) in the region of strong light absorption (λ= 400nm).The transition from the short-wave to the long-wave region, corresponding to a decrease in α*, changes the nature of the angular dependence of Jx (β) and its amplitude.The transition from the short-wave to the long-wave region, corresponding to a decrease in α*, changes the nature of the angular dependence of Jx (β) and its amplitude.
Fig.3. Orientation dependence of the photovoltaic current Jx (β) in a-HgS (T=1330K).
Figure 4 shows the spectral-angular diagram of the photovoltaic current Jx. Obviously, its shape is determined by its optical activity in the z-direction, its spectral dispersion, as well as the spectral distribution of the photovoltaic effect in α-HgS.
The optical dependence in the z – direction thus leads to the formation of the structure of the spatial oscillating photovoltaic current Jx. The photovoltaic current oscillates in the z-direction with a period of
Where χ is the optical activity coefficient.
The angular dependence of Jx (β) coincides with (3) only under the condition of strong light absorption
where α* is the light absorption coefficient.
Fig. 4. Spectral – angular diagram of photovoltaic current in a-HgS (T=1330K). The direction of light propagation is indicated in the upper part of the figure.
Literature
1. Glass A.M.Van der Liebe D. Herren T.J. High- voltage Bulk Photovoltaic effect and the Photorefractive process in Limbo. //J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1974. N4 (25) p.233-236.
2.Fridkin V.M., Photosegnetoelectrics. M., Nauka, 1979, pp.186-216.
3.Belinicher V. I. Studies of photovoltaic effects in crystals. Diss. for the job application. Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Novosibirsk. 1982. 350 P.
4. Sturman B. I., Fridkin V. M. Photovoltaic effects in media without an inversion center. -M., Nauka.1992. -p-208.
5. Efremova E. P., Kuznetsov V. A., Kotelnikov A. R. Crystallization of cinnabar in hydrosulfide solutions. // J. Crystallography. 1976. vol.21. v.3. pp.583—586.
6. Donetskikh V. I., Sobolev V. V. Reflection spectra of trigonal HgS. // J. Optics and spectroscopy. 1977. vol.42. v.2. pp.401—403.
7.Fridkin V. M. Volumetric photovoltaic effect in crystals without a center of symmetry. // Crystallography. 2001. Vol. 46, N 4. pp. 722—726.
РОЛЬ РЕЗОНАНСНЫХ ЯДЕРНЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ В СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИКЕ. THE ROLE OF RESONANT NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN MODERN ENERGY
Жалолов Ботирали Рустамович
Генеральный директор «Clipper Energy» LLC и «Clipper Associates» Corp
«Clipper Energy» LLC, «Clipper Associates» Corp., Malaysia
Каримов Боходир Хошимович
Кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент физико-технического факультета Ферганского государственного университета
Алиев Ибратжон Хатамович
Студент 2-курса факультета математики-информатики Ферганского государственного университета
Ферганский государственный университет, Фергана, Республика Узбекистан
Zhalolov Botirali Rustamovich
General Director of «Clipper Energy» LLC and «Clipper Associates» Corp
«Clipper Energy» LLC, «Clipper Associates» Corp., Malaysia
Karimov Bahodir Khoshimov
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University
Aliev Ibratjon Khatamovich
2nd year student of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of Fergana State University
Ferghana State University, Ferghana, Republic of Uzbekistan
Аннотация. Современную энергетику просто невозможно представить без составляющей в лице атомных электростанций, в основе которых лежат явления распада урана-238 и урана-235, в том числе с использованием саморазмножающихся методов деления. Но как известно источники не вечны, по этой причине важно нахождение нового способа по выделению максимально большого количества электрической энергии и, если верить результатам современных исследований, явным кандидатом на подобный титул могут стать резонансные ядерные реакции, которые изучаются на основе совершенно новой науки – физики резонансных ядерных реакций (ФРЯР).
Ключевые слова: физика резонансных ядерных реакций, энергетическая составляющая, кулоновский барьер, ядерные реакций, физика атомного ядра и элементарных частиц, ядерное эффективное сечение, длина волны.
Annotation. It is simply impossible to imagine modern energy without a component in the face of nuclear power plants, which are based on the decay phenomena of uranium-238 and uranium-235, including using self-multiplying fission methods. But as you know, the sources are not eternal, for this reason it is important to find a new way to release as much electrical energy as possible and, if you believe the results of modern research, resonant nuclear reactions, which are studied on the basis of a completely new science – physics of resonant nuclear reactions (PRNR), can become a clear candidate for such a title.