Alexander Chesalov – The fourth industrial revolution glossarium: over 1500 of the hottest terms you will use to create the future. Textbook (страница 18)
DDI instance an XML document, marked up according to the DDI DTD. In other words, a codebook or catalog record marked up in DDI-compliant XML379.
Debugging is the process of finding and resolving bugs (defects or problems that prevent correct operation) within computer programs, software, or systems. Debugging tactics can involve interactive debugging, control flow analysis, unit testing, integration testing, log file analysis, monitoring at the application or system level, memory dumps, and profiling. Many programming languages and software development tools also offer programs to aid in debugging, known as debuggers380.
Decentralized applications (dApps) are digital applications or programs that exist and run on a blockchain or peer-to-peer (P2P) network of computers instead of a single computer. DApps (also called «dapps») are outside the purview and control of a single authority. DApps – which are often built on the Ethereum platform – can be developed for a variety of purposes including gaming, finance, and social media381.
Decentralized control is a process in which a significant number of control actions related to a given object are generated by the object itself on the basis of self-government.
Decentralized finance (DeFi) is an emerging financial technology based on secure distributed ledgers similar to those used by cryptocurrencies. The system removes the control banks and institutions have on money, financial products, and financial services382.
Decision intelligence (DI) is a practical discipline used to improve the decision making process by clearly understanding and programmatically developing how decisions are made and how the outcomes are evaluated, managed and improved through feedback. Also, Decision intelligence is a discipline offers a framework to assist data and analytics practitioners develop, model, align, implement, track, and modify decision models and processes related to business results and performance.
Decision Rights – the system of determining who makes a decision, and when, and how, and under what circumstances. Formalizing Decision Rights is a key function of Data Governance383.
Decision support system (DSS) is an information system that supports business or organizational decision-making activities. DSSs serve the management, operations and planning levels of an organization (usually mid and higher management) and help people make decisions about problems that may be rapidly changing and not easily specified in advance – i.e. unstructured and semi-structured decision problems. Decision support systems can be either fully computerized or human-powered, or a combination of both. Also, Decision Support Systems is a collection of integrated technologies, software and hardware, that constitute the main support of the organization`s decision making process384.
Decision tree is a tree-and-branch model used to represent decisions and their possible consequences, similar to a flowchart.
Decompression is a feature that is used to restore data to uncompressed form after compression385.
Deep Learning (also known as deep structured learning) is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on artificial neural networks with representation learning. Learning can be supervised, semi-supervised or unsupervised. Deep-learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks, deep reinforcement learning, recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural language processing, machine translation, bioinformatics, drug design, medical image analysis, climate science, material inspection and board game programs, where they have produced results comparable to and in some cases surpassing human expert performance. Also, Deep Learning (DL) is a subfield of machine learning concerned with algorithms that are inspired by the human brain that works in a hierarchical way. Deep Learning models, which are mostly based on the (artificial) neural networks, have been applied to different fields, such as speech recognition, computer vision, and natural language processing386.
Deep neural network – a multilayer network containing several (many) hidden layers of neurons between the input and output layers, which allows modeling complex nonlinear relationships. GNNs are now increasingly used to solve such artificial intelligence problems as speech recognition, natural language processing, computer vision, etc., including in robotics387.
Deep Technology (DEEP TECH) refers to a startup whose business idea is based on a scientific or otherwise extensive (deep) understanding of technology. The term has been adopted to set certain companies apart from other startups which are also technology driven. A deep tech company may, for instance, base the core of its operations on particularly complex mathematics in the creation of software algorithms. Deep technology companies typically comprise artificial intelligence companies, which try to replicate human thinking, build navigation systems for flying cars and so on388.
DeepMind is an artificial intelligence company founded in 2010 and later acquired by Google in 2014. DeepMind developed
Default access controls – the access controls that apply where a registered individual has not set controls on the registered healthcare provider organizations or nominated representatives who may access the individual’s My Health Record. This means that any registered healthcare provider organisation involved in your healthcare can access your record389.
Degree of maturity is the degree of clarity (clarity) of the definition, management, measurement, control and implementation of a specific technological process.
De-identification – process of rendering data pseudonymized or anonymized. general term for any process of removing the association between a set of identifying data and the data subject390.
Denial of Service (DoS) prevents unauthorized access to resources. It also prevents time-critical operation delays391.
Depersonalization of personal data is actions as a result of which it is impossible to determine, without the use of additional information, the belonging of personal data to a specific User or other personal data subject392.
Depthwise separable convolutional neural network (sepCNN) – a convolutional neural network architecture based on Inception, but where Inception modules are replaced with depthwise separable convolutions. Also known as Xception. A depthwise separable convolution (also abbreviated as separable convolution) factors a standard 3-D convolution into two separate convolution operations that are more computationally efficient: first, a depthwise convolution, with a depth of 1 (n ✕ n ✕ 1), and then second, a pointwise convolution, with length and width of 1 (1 ✕ 1 ✕ n). To learn more, see Xception: Deep Learning with Depthwise Separable Convolutions.
Design Center – an organizational unit (the entire organization or its subdivision) that performs a full range or part of the work on creating products up to the stage of its mass production, and also has the necessary personnel, equipment and technologies for this.
Design thinking is an iterative process in which we seek to understand the user, challenge assumptions, and redefine problems in an attempt to identify alternative strategies and solutions that might not be instantly apparent with our initial level of understanding. At the same time, it provides a solution-based approach to solving problems. It is a way of thinking and working as well as a collection of hands-on methods393.
Destruction of personal data – actions, as a result of which it becomes impossible to restore the content of personal data in the personal data information system and (or) as a result of which material carriers of personal data are destroyed.
Developer Experience (DX) is a type of user experience that has been targeted at software professionals, such as software developers. An excellent DX is a central business objective, for instance, for SaaS and platform economy operators394.
DevOps (development & operations) is a set of practices, tools, and culture philosophies that automate and integrate the processes of software development teams and IT teams. DevOps emphasizes team empowerment, collaboration and collaboration, and technology automation. The term DevOps is also understood as a special approach to organizing development teams. Its essence is that developers, testers and administrators work in a single thread – they are not each responsible for their own stage, but work together on the release of the product and try to automate the tasks of their departments so that the code moves between stages without delay. In DevOps, responsibility for the result is distributed among the entire team. Devops is an agile operational model for producing electronic services. DevOps focuses on the communication between software developers, maintenance and production personnel. DevOps aims to build an environment in which building, testing and publishing software can happen quickly, often and reliably. DevOps relies on the practices of agile development and tools that automate infrastructure management. DevOps is a particularly central term in modern SaaS software development395,396,397.