Алексей Виноградов – Holy waters of the ancestral homeland of mankind (страница 2)

This is also supported by an analysis of toponyms and hydronyms. S. V. Sokolovsky, speaking of toponymy and hydronymy as indicators of ethnic areas, notes the need to use the category of migrant toponyms, which "mark the processes of ethnic settlement." S. V. Sokolovsky cites the unrelatedness of their etymologies to the names and nicknames of individuals, as well as the areal distribution of the toponymic forms they comprise, as essential characteristics of mass-colonization toponyms. He notes that "the latter characteristic is the most significant, as it attests to the transfer not of an isolated name, but of a toponymic system."

Having analyzed the "Dictionary of Hydronyms of Ukraine," which includes 44,000 variants of river and lake names, and having mapped hydronyms with the formants "-n-" and "-na," we compared the resulting area with a map of archaeological cultures for coincidences. The area of hydronyms with the formant "-na" in Ukraine coincides with the area of the Trypillian culture.

It is assumed that the population of the western Trypillian culture is related to the cultures of the Balkan Neolithic and Anatolia, while the population of the eastern Trypillian culture is related to the cultures of the Volga region and the Central Russian region. The Mahabharata records the hydronym Yamuna for the central part of Russia. Names with the formant "-na" are also present in the Baltic linguistic region. Naturally, these hydronyms (Desna, Berezina, Stugna) do not have a purely Slavic linguistic basis, although it is not always possible to distinguish between Slavic and Baltic, or Baltic and Sanskrit, names.

This position is consistent with B. A. Rybakov's account of the beginning of the Slavic historical process: "The ancestors of the Slavs had already been practicing agriculture since the 5th-3rd millennia BC. They experienced a temporary upsurge in the Eneolithic era, associated with the intensification of pastoral livestock breeding. They participated in the settlement of vast territories, and by the time the Proto-Slavic ethnic group crystallized, they had already achieved a certain level of culture: their economy was based on sedentary livestock breeding and agriculture, supplemented by hunting and fishing; they lived sedentary lives in small villages. The main tools were still made of stone, but bronze (chisels, awls, jewelry) was also used. The distinction of a military stratum within the tribe is not documented."

And what's more. After analyzing the "Dictionary of Hydronyms of Ukraine," which includes 44,000 variants of river and lake names, and mapping the root hydronyms (Uzh, Vepr, Teteriv), we compared the resulting area with a map of archaeological cultures for overlap. A distinctive feature of these hydronyms is the presence of a variant in the common Russian language (with the optional presence of a West Slavic variant). The area of these hydronyms coincided with the area of the Bug-Dniester culture.

The Bug-Dniester culture is an early Neolithic culture widespread in the Dniester region, the tributaries of the Dnieper, and the Bug basin. It dates back to 6400-5300 BC. It was later replaced by the Trypillian culture. It should be noted that the ornamentation of the Bug-Dniester culture ceramics is identical to the ornamentation of Vologda embroidery and lace.

1. Archaeological cultures

Let us consider some archaeological cultures that can be associated with the autochthonous Slavic population and the ancient Aryans in general.

1. Bug-Dniester culture

The Bug-Dniester culture is an archaeological culture that developed during the Neolithic period from 6400 to 5000 BC in the area of the Dniester and Southern Bug rivers. It was identified by V.N. Danilenko, who identified it as encompassing the entire Neolithic period of this region, up to the junction with Trypillia.

Barley, emmer, emmer, and spelt were used in the economy. Livestock farming was developed, including pigs and cattle.

V.N. Danilenko saw this culture as a continuation of the Mesolithic Grebeniki culture (8th-5th millennia BC), which existed in the steppe between the Dniester and Southern Bug rivers.

Archaeologists have found a number of mixed assemblages with the Körös and Linear Pottery cultures, and for the late period of the culture, influences from the Middle Dnieper region. Pottery produced beginning around the end of the 7th millennium BC is similar to that of the Elshansk culture of the middle Volga region.

The pottery of the first period of the Bug-Dniester culture finds parallels among the pottery of the oldest layers of the Grivac and Blagotin settlements on the Danube and with the oldest pottery of northeastern Bulgaria, Serbia, and Croatia. The earliest Bug-Dniester pottery differs radically from the pottery of the Balkan Körös culture, which later came under its influence. Körös (Starčevo-Kriš) farmers arrived in the Prut River valley around 5800 BC.

After 5500 BC, ties with the Starčevo-Kriš culture were lost due to the invasion of the Linear Pottery culture, which likely came from the upper Dniester region and devastated the entire region. The local stone houses disappeared, and linear-banded pottery became common. The remnants of the population migrated to the Dnieper-Donets culture area, where they played a role in the creation of the Sredny Stog culture.

2. Early Cultures.

The Elshan culture flourished in the middle Volga region, along the Samara and Sok rivers, in the 7th millennium BC. The oldest pottery in Europe has been discovered there. It is believed to be the source from which the art of pottery spread south and west, toward the Balkans. Elshan vessels, dating from 6700 BC onward, typically feature simple decoration. The population is classified as belonging to haplogroups R1b and Q1b.

Around 6200 BC, the Elshan culture gave way to the Middle Volga culture (with more complex ceramic ornamentation), which lasted until the 5th millennium BC. It was then replaced by the Samara culture (mid-5th to mid-4th millennium BC). The population is classified as belonging to haplogroups R1b and Q1b.

European linguists associate the Yelshan culture with the Indo-European language, arguing that it spread north into the forest zone as the Kama culture, reflecting the migration of Indo-European speakers into an area where Proto-Uralic languages were spoken.

It is now believed that the Bug-Dniester culture evolved from the local Kukrek culture.

The Scythians are considered neighbors of the Slavs. It is generally accepted that the Scythians spoke an Iranian dialect. However, the Iranian Scythian language has not yet been reconstructed. The Cimmerians are considered the predecessors of the Scythians.

Oleg Nikolaevich Trubachev, in his book "Indoarica in the Northern Black Sea region," substantiated the presence of Indo-Aryan tribes (Scythian-Sindian population) in the Northern Black Sea region. He reconstructed hundreds of linguistic relics, proving the existence of a vast Indo-Aryan population, representing their westernmost group. He also pointed to a connection between the local language and Sanskrit. Thanks to O. N. Trubachev's work, three extensive areas of Indo-Aryan linguistic relics were identified: Sindo-Meotian (Kuban), Tauro-Scythian (Ukraine), and Sigynno-Getian (Romania).

If an ancient Indo-Aryan population existed here, they should have preserved texts similar to the Vedas and Puranas, and these texts themselves should be associated with the Black Sea and Dnieper regions.

The area of Indo-Aryan linguistic relics corresponds only to the area of the Kukrek culture and the cultures that emerged from it.

The Kukrek culture of the late Mesolithic (mid-8th to late 7th millennium BC) existed in the Northern Black Sea region and the steppe and foothills of Crimea.

Most researchers believe that the Kukrek culture represented a development of the late Paleolithic Anetovo community, which existed in the middle reaches of the Southern Bug River. Improved production technology allowed the Kukrek tribes to spread as far as the Prut River basin in the west and the Dnieper and Kerch Rivers in the east.

The Kukrek culture is characterized by a high level of tool manufacture. A horn hoe comes from the Igren settlement. Dwellings were above-ground and semi-dugout. D. Ya. Telegin considered this evidence of the continuation of construction traditions from the late Paleolithic (Mezhirichi, Mizin, Gontsy). Several early Neolithic cultures descended from the Kukrek culture: the Bug-Dniester, Azov-Dnieper, Oleksiivka, and Sursk-Dnieper cultures.

The Azov-Dnieper (Mariupol) culture dates from the fourth quarter of the 5th to the third quarter of the 4th millennium BC. Its remains have been discovered in the Dnieper steppe region, Crimea, and adjacent regions of the Azov region. Representatives of this culture built semicircular and oval above-ground dwellings, sometimes with floors made of compacted shells. They were skilled in making pottery from clay mixed with sand and plants, and a variety of flint tools, including axes and maces.