Александр Чесалов – Глоссариум по искусственному интеллекту: 2500 терминов. Том 2 (страница 15)

Dialogflow API.AI is a platform that allows users to build brand-unique, natural language interactions for bots, applications, services, and devices. It features a Natural Language Understanding Tools to design unique conversation scenarios, design corresponding actions and analyze interactions with users392.

Dialogue system (also conversational agent (CA)) is a computer system intended to converse with a human with a coherent structure. Dialogue systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures, and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel393.

Dice coefficient is a measure to compare the similarity of two segmentations, e.g., by expert and by machine. It is the ratio of twice the number of common pixels to the sum of all pixels in both sets.

Dictation – speech (voice) text input.

Dictation system is a system for speech text input.

Digital Body Language encompasses all the digital activities performed by an individual. Every time a person performs a Google search, visits a web page, opens a newsletter or downloads a guide, they contribute to their digital body language. Digital body language is used in building marketing automation394.

Digital divide is a concept that has become especially widespread in the last decade due to the increased importance of introducing new digital technologies in society and overcoming existing differences in the field of information and knowledge that hinder the development of basic economic and social infrastructures, in particular the energy sector, telecommunications and education395.

Digital educational environment is an open set of information systems designed to support various tasks of the educational process. The word «open» means the ability and the right to use different information systems as part of the DSP, replace them or add new ones at your own discretion396.

Digital ethics is a form of ethics that includes systems of values and moral principles of electronic interaction between people, organizations and things.

Digital platform is a group of technologies that are used as a basis for creating a specific and specialized system of digital interaction397.

Digital rights are the rights of individuals as it pertains to computer access and the ability to use, create and publish digital media. Digital rights can also refer to allowed permissions for fair use of digital copyrighted materials. Digital rights are extensions of human rights like freedom of expression and the right to privacy. The extent to which digital rights are recognized varies from country to country, but Internet access is a recognized right in several countries398.

Digital Social Innovation (DSI) is innovation that uses digital technologies to enable or help carry out SI399.

Digital society (Global information society) is a new world knowledge society that exists and interacts, and is also closely integrated into a fundamentally and qualitatively new digital social, economic and cultural ecosystem, in which the free exchange of information and knowledge is implemented using artificial intelligence, augmented and virtual reality, which are additional interfaces for the interaction of people and machines (computers, robots, wearable devices, etc.)400.

Digital transformation is the process of integrating digital technologies into all aspects of activity, requiring fundamental changes in technology, culture, operations and the principles of creating new products and services401.

Digital transformation of the economy is a continuous and dynamically changing process of development, implementation and development of innovations and new technologies in all its sectors, which fundamentally affects the socio-economic and cultural development of the information society.

Digitalization is a new stage in the automation and informatization of economic activity and public administration, the process of transition to digital technologies, which is based not only on the use of information and communication technologies to solve production or management problems, but also on the accumulation and analysis of big data with their help in order to predict situation, optimization of processes and costs, attraction of new contractors, etc.402.

Dimension reduction – decreasing the number of dimensions used to represent a particular feature in a feature vector, typically by converting to an embedding403.

Dimensionality reduction (also dimension reduction) – the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. It can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction404.

Dimensionality reduction is a learning technique used when the number of features (or dimensions) in a given dataset is too high. It reduces the number of data inputs to a manageable size while also preserving the data integrity. Often, this technique is used in the preprocessing data stage, such as when autoencoders remove noise from visual data to improve picture quality405.

Dimensions is the maximum number of linearly independent vectors contained in the space406,407.

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in computer science and mathematics, a directed acyclic graph is a finite directed graph with no directed cycles. It consists of finitely many vertices and edges, with each edge directed from one vertex to another, such that there is no way to start at any vertex and follow a consistently directed sequence of edges that eventually loops back to that starting vertex again408.

Disaster tolerance is the ability of a system to restore an application on an alternate cluster when the primary cluster fails. Disaster tolerance is based on data replication and failover. Data replication is the copying of data from a primary cluster to a backup or secondary cluster409.

Disclosure of information constituting a commercial secret is an action or inaction as a result of which information constituting a commercial secret, in any possible form (oral, written, other form, including using technical means) becomes known to third parties without the consent of the owner of such information, or contrary to an employment or civil law contract410.

Discrete feature is a feature with a finite set of possible values. For example, a feature whose values may only be animal, vegetable, or mineral is a discrete (or categorical) feature. Contrast with continuous feature411.

Discrete system is any system with a countable number of states. Discrete systems may be contrasted with continuous systems, which may also be called analog systems. A final discrete system is often modeled with a directed graph and is analyzed for correctness and complexity according to computational theory. Because discrete systems have a countable number of states, they may be described in precise mathematical models. A computer is a finite state machine that may be viewed as a discrete system. Because computers are often used to model not only other discrete systems but continuous systems as well, methods have been developed to represent real-world continuous systems as discrete systems. One such method involves sampling a continuous signal at discrete time intervals412.

Discriminative model is a model that predicts labels from a set of one or more features. More formally, discriminative models define the conditional probability of an output given the features and weights; that is (output|features, weights). For example, a model that predicts whether an email is spam from features and weights is a discriminative model. The vast majority of supervised learning models, including classification and regression models, are discriminative models. Contrast with generative model413.

Discriminator is a system that determines whether examples are real or fake. The subsystem within a generative adversarial network that determines whether the examples created by the generator are real or fake414.

Disparate impact – making decisions about people that impact different population subgroups disproportionately. This usually refers to situations where an algorithmic decision-making process harms or benefits some subgroups more than others415.

Disparate treatment – factoring subjects’ sensitive attributes into an algorithmic decision-making process such that different subgroups of people are treated differently416.

Dissemination of information – actions aimed at obtaining information by an indefinite circle of persons or transferring information to an indefinite circle of persons417.

Dissemination of personal data – actions aimed at disclosing personal data to an indefinite circle of persons418.

Distributed artificial intelligence (DAI) (also decentralized artificial intelligence) is a subfield of artificial intelligence research dedicated to the development of distributed solutions for problems. DAI is closely related to and a predecessor of the field of multi-agent systems419.

Distributed registry technologies (Blockchain) are algorithms and protocols for decentralized storage and processing of transactions structured as a sequence of linked blocks without the possibility of their subsequent change420.